Is the Odyssey older than the Bible?

The Odyssey, composed around the 8th century BC, is older than the Bible, whose earliest complete manuscript dates to the 4th century AD.

Is the Odyssey older than the Bible?
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The facts

Yes, the Odyssey is older than the Bible. The Odyssey was composed around the 8th century BC, with its oral origins possibly dating back to the 12th century BC. In contrast, the earliest books of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) were written down beginning around the 10th to 6th centuries BC, and the New Testament was written in the 1st century AD. The oldest complete Bible manuscript, the Codex Sinaiticus, dates to the 4th century AD. Thus, the Odyssey predates the Bible by several centuries.

Answered by 100 of history's most famous minds

Jesus of Nazareth
Jesus of Nazareth c. 4 BC – AD 30/33 · Jewish teacher whose life founded Christianity

Before Abraham was, I am. The ages of scrolls matter little; the Word has no beginning. You ask which tale is older? The Father's love was uttered before any poet sang of wandering kings. Let the one who has ears hear the story that will outlast every star.

Muhammad
Muhammad c. 570–632 · Prophet of Islam who united Arabia under one faith

All books before the Qur'an are but vessels that have been corrupted or superseded. The Torah and the Injil were sent down in their time, but the Odyssey is a tale of men and their idols, not a scripture. The question of age is like asking which shadow is longer before the sun rises. Seek the final revelation, not the oldest fable.

Gautama Buddha
Gautama Buddha c. 563–483 BC · Sage whose awakening founded Buddhism

Who asks this question, and why does he cling to the measurement of time? If a man is drowning, he does not ask whether the river is older than the sea - he swims. The Odyssey speaks of a man’s longing for home, and the Bible speaks of a covenant with God. Both are stories that may kindle attachment or release. The age of a scripture is not the path to the end of suffering. Let go of the calendar, and look instead at the suffering in your own mind. That is the only text that matters.

Moses
Moses c. 13th century BC (traditional) · Hebrew prophet and lawgiver of the Exodus

The Lord spoke to Moses from the burning bush before Homer's father was born. The words I brought down from Sinai are not of man's making, but of God's eternal breath. Let the Greeks boast of their wanderer - the covenant is older than the song.

Confucius
Confucius 551–479 BC · Chinese sage of ethics, family, and social order

The age of a text is secondary; its capacity to order the heart and regulate conduct is primary. A man who knows only the age of a book but not its teachings is like one who counts the rings of a tree but cannot tell if its fruit is good. Let the pupil examine both with reverence and seek the dao in each.

Paul the Apostle
Paul the Apostle c. AD 5 – c. 64/67 · Apostle whose letters shaped Christian theology

What is age compared to the eternal? The Odyssey speaks of a man longing for his homeland; I speak of a man longing for his heavenly country. The poems of Homer are the dim candle of human wisdom, flickering and fading. But the Scriptures are the very lamp of the Spirit, light from light, given by God to guide us to salvation. Let the Greeks boast of their antiquity; we proclaim the Word that was in the beginning, before all ages, and that endures forever.

Abraham
Abraham c. 2nd millennium BC (traditional) · Patriarch and father of the monotheistic faiths

The years of those writings are like the sand beneath my tent - countless, but not the foundation. The Word I heard was older than any parchment, spoken before the first star sang. Whether the Greek poet sang his sea-wanderings before Moses wrote the Law, I cannot say - but I know the Voice that called me from Ur is older than all voices, and its promise echoes still.

Laozi
Laozi 6th century BC (traditional) · Sage of the Tao and founder of Taoism

The oldest writing is like the oldest footprint on a riverbank - seen only after the water has passed. Which came first, the night or the star? The Tao that can be dated is not the eternal Tao. Let the question go, and the answer will float like a leaf on the current.

Guru Nanak
Guru Nanak 1469–1539 · Founder of Sikhism and first Sikh Guru

Brother, the question is a snare. The One who created time is not bound by time; the Truth is older than any book or song. Whether the words of Homer or the words of the prophets came first, both can lead a soul toward the Name or away from it. Let us not count the years of the vessel; let us taste the water inside. If it is sweet, drink and share.

Mary, Mother of Jesus
Mary, Mother of Jesus c. 1st century BC – 1st century AD · Mother of Jesus, venerated across Christianity and Islam

My heart keeps the silence of the years before the angel spoke. I know nothing of this 'Odyssey,' but I know what it is to hold a promise in your arms before the world has made a book of it. The Word was alive in my womb before any letter was cut on parchment, and that Word is older than all songs.

Martin Luther
Martin Luther 1483–1546 · Reformer whose theses sparked the Reformation

Let the Greek poets boast of their ancient fables; I hold to the living Word of God, which is older than any parchment. The Law was written on stone by God's own finger before Homer ever strung a verse. But the question is a cunning trap: it would set human wisdom above divine revelation. Let the Odyssey be older; it is the old man's tale, while the Gospel is the young man's treasure, and we are born anew not by the age of a text but by the faith it kindles.

Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas 1225–1274 · Theologian who fused faith with Aristotle's reason

We must distinguish between the age of the composed text and the age of revealed truth. The Odyssey, as a work of human art, seems to have been set down in writing some centuries before the earliest codices of the Hebrew Scriptures. But the divine truth contained in Sacred Scripture is eternal, having existed in the mind of God before all ages. Thus, while the human artifact of the Odyssey is older, the Word of God is without beginning. The two orders of age are incommensurable, like comparing the measure of a shadow with the light that casts it.

Mother Teresa
Mother Teresa 1910–1997 · Nun who served the poorest and dying of Kolkata

In the slums of Calcutta, I never once was asked which book was older. The dying man reaches for a hand to hold, not a date. The Odyssey and the Bible both speak of journeys - one of a warrior seeking his island, the other of God seeking His children. Older? Perhaps. But what is age to a soul that will live forever? The only age that matters is the age of the love we give today, to the one who has no one else. That love is older than any song or scripture.

Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton 1643–1727 · Physicist who unified motion and universal gravitation

That the Homeric poem predates the Mosaic writings by perhaps four centuries is a matter of textual chronology, not of truth. Both belong to the same divine narrative: God's revelation through nature and Scripture. I have spent more time on the prophecies of Daniel than on the wanderings of Odysseus, for the former contains precise measurements of time that the latter lacks.

Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein 1879–1955 · Physicist who reframed space, time, and gravity

What a curious comparison - like asking whether a cascade of water is older than the mountain from which it springs. Both the Odyssey and the Bible are human narratives about the cosmos, but time is just another coordinate in the four-dimensional manifold of spacetime. The age of a manuscript matters less than the structure of the thoughts it encodes. The deep symmetry I see is that both grapple with the order of the universe, yet the Odyssey moves through the world of men and gods, while the Bible claims to speak for the One. I prefer the Spinozan view: the universe itself is the only scripture, and its age is measured in the bending of light, not centuries of scribes.

Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin 1809–1882 · Naturalist who discovered evolution by natural selection

I have examined the evidence as one would the strata of a cliff: the oral traditions of the Odyssey likely crystallized in the eighth century before our era, while the earliest Hebrew books appear from the tenth century onward. The gap is real, but trifling in deep time. What fascinates me is not the mere priority, but how both texts emerged from the struggle of human groups to make sense of their world - like the beaks of finches adapting to different islands. Both are human artifacts, shaped by selection and transmission. No divine hand signed either manuscript, only the restless mind of our species.

Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei 1564–1642 · Astronomer who championed the heliocentric universe

By my telescope, I see no scripture in the heavens, only motions. The Odyssey's age is a matter of textual evidence: the earliest Homeric papyri date from the 4th century BC, while the oldest biblical manuscripts are from the 2nd. Thus, the poem is demonstrably older. Tradition bows to observation.

Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus 1473–1543 · Astronomer who placed the Sun at the center

The Odyssey's celestial wanderings are set in a spangled vault that still turns around a central Earth - a model that requires constant epicycles to save the appearances. The Bible's account of the firmament is no less a tangle. Both are poetical approximations; the true age is not of texts but of the harmony their authors dimly perceived.

Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla 1856–1943 · Inventor who pioneered alternating current power

The Greek epic is a product of the human mind's first attempts to understand the forces of nature - storms, monsters, the pull of the sea. The Bible is an early attempt to systematize moral and spiritual energy. Both are primitive compared to what we now know. I have in my mind a machine that could transmit the entire Odyssey and the Bible across the globe in an instant, using only the earth's own resonance. That would be a true miracle - not in the past, but in the laboratory.

Marie Curie
Marie Curie 1867–1934 · Physicist and chemist who pioneered radioactivity

The Odyssey is composed of roughly 12,000 lines of dactylic hexameter; the Bible comprises 66 books, the earliest of which, Amos or perhaps Job, may date to the 8th century BC. The Homeric epics, by contrast, were likely fixed in their written form around 750-700 BC. So from a purely textual standpoint, the Odyssey holds chronological priority. Yet both represent monumental stages in human intellectual development - one the crystallization of oral mythos, the other a canon of evolving spiritual literature. Neither diminishes the other's significance; they simply occupy different strata in the sedimentary rock of our cultural past.

Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur 1822–1895 · Chemist who founded germ theory and vaccination

The question of precedence is a matter for the laboratory of history, not of faith. If we date the Odyssey's crystallization to the eighth century before Christ, and the earliest Hebrew annals to the tenth, we find the Greek poem emerging from a longer oral tradition, while the Bible's books were written and compiled over centuries. The evidence is in the clay and papyrus - the microscope reveals no miracles, only patient sequence. Let us examine the manuscripts, not the myths.

Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison 1847–1931 · Inventor of the practical light bulb and phonograph

I'm more interested in the patent dates than the poetry. The Odyssey is like an old dynamo - hand-cranked, brilliant for its time, but not practical for lighting a city. The Bible? That's a company that kept improving the product over centuries. Which is older? Check the carbon dating. But if you want to light a bulb, you'd better build on what worked, not just admire the antique.

Alan Turing
Alan Turing 1912–1954 · Mathematician who founded computer science and AI

The question is formally ill-posed unless we define 'the Bible' as a specific codex and 'the Odyssey' as a specific recension. But the oral transmission of Homer's hexameters likely began in the 12th century BC, and the earliest written fragments of the Hebrew Bible appear around the 7th century BC, so the Odyssey's composition predates any canonical Bible by centuries. Of more interest to me is the problem of reconstructing a lost original from later variants - a problem of error-correction over time, akin to decoding a noisy channel.

Archimedes
Archimedes c. 287–212 BC · Greek genius of mathematics and mechanics

Give me a firm point of comparison and I will measure the age of both. The Odyssey is a tale of wandering; the Bible is a chronicle of covenants. But if we speak of the geometry of time, the oldest surviving manuscript of the two is a puzzle for palaeographers, not for a geometer. I care only that the Odyssey contains a description of Odysseus's bow: an arc of wood and horn, the curve of which is a problem of mechanics worthy of my levers and pulleys. Let others count centuries; I count angles.

Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday 1791–1867 · Self-taught pioneer of electromagnetism

Time is not a wire you can touch with your electric finger - it is a field, and these texts are eddies in it. The Odyssey coils from an older, oral current, its hexameters shaped by generations before the first scribe set stylus to wax. The earliest Hebrew books were written when the Babylonian exile had already made a people question their God; the Odyssey's heroes had not yet heard of such a covenant. And the Gospels? They are children of the Roman peace, written when the tide of that older Greek world had ebbed. So yes, the wanderer's tale is the elder - but both are voices from the same great ocean of human longing, and my experiments tell me that waves, however distant, still move us.

Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud 1856–1939 · Founder of psychoanalysis and the unconscious mind

The question itself is a defense - a neurotic compulsion to establish priority, as if the older text were the more authoritative father. But the unconscious does not care about chronology; it cares about the repressed wish. The Odyssey is a dream of homecoming, the Bible a dream of submission to a cosmic father - both are projections of infantile longing. That the Odyssey is older may gratify the rationalist's wish to demote the Bible, but both rest on the same bedrock: the child's helplessness and desire. The real question is why we need one to be 'first.'

Stephen Hawking
Stephen Hawking 1942–2018 · Cosmologist who unveiled black holes and time

If you define 'older' by the time the ink dried on a parchment, then yes - Homer's hexameters predate the first Hebrew scribe by a few centuries. But the universe that both texts tried to explain is 13.8 billion years old, and from that perspective, the difference between their ages is less than the width of a human hair. What interests me is that both are attempts to impose story on a cosmos that owes us no narrative. The Odyssey admits the gods are capricious; the Bible insists on one God with a plan. Which is more plausible? I leave that to your Bayesian priors.

Ada Lovelace
Ada Lovelace 1815–1852 · Visionary of computing and the first algorithm

One might say the Odyssey is older than the Bible, but this is like comparing the age of a loom to the age of a pattern woven upon it. The Odyssey is a sequence of oral formulae, a memory-artefact from a culture that thought in hexameters - its age is the age of its first fixing. The Bible is a composite: some strands, like the Song of Deborah, may be as old as Homer's material, but the final redaction is later. If we think of texts as mechanisms, the Odyssey is an earlier model - but the Bible introduced a feedback loop of prophecy and reinterpretation that the Odyssey never attempted. In my view, the truly interesting question is not which is older, but which algorithm has proven more generative for human thought.

Euclid
Euclid c. 300 BC · Father of geometry and the axiomatic method

Let us define our terms. An 'older' text is one whose composition dates from an earlier point in time. The Odyssey, by standard reckoning, was committed to writing in the eighth century before the common era. The earliest Hebrew scriptures date from the tenth to sixth centuries before the common era as fragments, but the collection we call the Bible was not completed until the fourth century of the common era. Therefore, the Odyssey is the older text. But I must add: temporal priority is not logical priority. A theorem proved later may be more foundational. The question is merely chronological, not axiomatic. The answer is yes, by a clear margin.

Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale 1820–1910 · Founder of modern nursing and health statistics

I have no patience for a contest of mere age when the true question is whether either text contains any reliable data. The Odyssey is a poem of wandering and monsters - useful perhaps for a patient's morale, but hardly a sanitary manual. The Bible has comforted many a dying soldier at Scutari, yet its genealogies and chronologies are not, I am sorry to say, fit for a statistical table. If men wish to know which is older, let them count the handwriting on the parchment - but let them also count the lives saved by clean water, and assign that its proper weight.

Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great 356–323 BC · Macedonian king who conquered the known world

I carried the Iliad under my pillow and slept with Achilles in my dreams. The Odyssey sings of the sea and the cunning that bends fate - that is the older song, by a hundred years at least. But what are years to a man who has wept because there are no more worlds to conquer? Let the scribes count their ages; I measure time in deeds.

Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar 100–44 BC · Roman general whose rise ended the Republic

I conquered Gaul and Britannia in less time than it took those Greeks to write down their wandering sailor’s tales. The question of which scroll is older is trivial: the Greeks sang of their hero before the Hebrews set down their law. But consider this - both were forged in the crucible of war and exile, and both shaped the loyalties of men who would die for a story. I’d rather have a legion of men armed with discipline than either epic. The true measure of a text is whether it bends the will of the world.

Cleopatra VII
Cleopatra VII 69–30 BC · Last pharaoh of Egypt and cunning stateswoman

Papyrus from the Nile's banks decays; the chisel endures in stone. My ancestors' scribes carved hymns to Isis before your 'Odyssey' was sung, and the great library at Alexandria holds tales older than both. Age is a game for scholars, but power belongs to the hand that rolls the scroll.

Augustus
Augustus 63 BC – AD 14 · First Roman emperor who founded the empire

Rome's foundation was sung by the Muses long before the Hebrews' god dictated laws. The Odyssey, carried by Aeneas to Latium, is the elder of these two texts. But wisdom lies not in age - my Res Gestae, carved in bronze, will outlast both, if the Empire holds.

Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan c. 1162–1227 · Founder of the largest contiguous land empire

What does the grass care which hoofprint came first? Both texts are like enemy clans with different ancestors. My yurt holds no books, only arrows and law. Let the scholars argue over years; I judge by the spirit of the teaching. Does it forge unity? Does it breed loyalty? If not, it's as dead as last winter's calf.

Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte 1769–1821 · French emperor and military genius who reshaped Europe

I care nothing for the age of fables. The Odyssey is a tale of a king struggling to return to his throne - a lesson in the will to power, the cunning to overcome obstacles, the audacity to claim what is yours. The Bible is a code of laws for the weak, promising a kingdom not of this world. Which is older? What does it matter? The old world is dust. I made a new law code in a few months. Let Homer and Moses argue in the grave; I have France to govern.

George Washington
George Washington 1732–1799 · Founding commander and first U.S. president

I have always held that the foundation of a republic is the virtue and knowledge of its people. Whether the Odyssey or the Bible came first is a question for scholars, but both have shaped the character of nations. The former teaches the perils of pride and the value of perseverance; the latter, the principles of justice and mercy. A young country like ours would do well to learn from both, without quarreling over which is the elder. Let us instead ask how each can make us wiser citizens.

Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln 1809–1865 · President who preserved the Union and ended slavery

I recall a debate once, between two farmers arguing which of their barns was built first - one had a foundation stone with a date and the other had only his father's word. Both stood through storms. The worth of a story isn't in its seniority, but in whether it guides men toward justice and mercy. The Odyssey and the Bible both tell of wanderers and homecomings; I'd rather ask which one calls us to treat our neighbor as ourselves.

Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill 1874–1965 · British PM who defied Nazism in World War II

When Caesar crossed the Rubicon, he carried a copy of Homer's tales in his baggage train; when the Saxon king Alfred translated the Psalms, he did so to fortify his people against the Danes. The age of each is a matter for antiquarians, not for leaders. What matters is that both works have armed the human spirit for the long struggle against darkness. Let the scholars count the centuries; we must wield the sword of the word.

Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi 1869–1948 · Leader of nonviolent resistance for India's freedom

This is a quarrel over shadows. The true age is not of clay or ink but of the eternal Truth that shines in every heart. The Odyssey may speak of human wandering and return, and the Bible of the soul's journey to God. But which is older is a question for antiquarians, not for seekers of the Way. The only age that matters is whether the story moves you to love your neighbour and resist the brute force of the world with the soul's strength.

Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. 1929–1968 · Civil rights leader of nonviolent racial justice

The question of which is older is a question of chronology, not of moral weight. The Odyssey speaks of a hero's journey home; the Bible speaks of a God who journeys with the homeless. Both have shaped civilizations, but the arc of history is long, and it bends toward justice. Whether the first was sung by a blind Greek or scribed by a Hebrew prophet does not matter when the morning stars still sing together. The real age is in the enduring call to love mercy, do justice, and walk humbly.

Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela 1918–2013 · Anti-apartheid leader and first Black South African president

When you have sat in a cell for twenty-seven years, you learn to measure time not by the age of texts but by the suffering and hope they carry. The Odyssey tells of a man struggling to return home - a journey I understand. The Bible speaks of freedom from bondage - a promise that sustained us on Robben Island. Which is older matters less than which speaks to the human spirit in chains. Both are ancient, both are wise, but the question that truly presses on us is not their birth date but whether we will finally learn their lesson: that every people deserves to come home.

Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler 1889–1945 · Nazi dictator responsible for WWII and the Holocaust

This is a matter for scholars, but I observe that the Odyssey celebrates a single hero of Aryan stock overcoming monsters and temptations - a parable of racial will. The Bible, corrupted by Jewish influence, preaches weakness and universal brotherhood. That the Greek epic is older is no surprise: it preserves the pure warrior spirit before Jewry poisoned the well. But dates are trifles; what matters is which text strengthens the blood. My answer: the Odyssey is a healthier ancestor.

Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin 1878–1953 · Soviet dictator whose rule caused mass death

Let the priests and professors argue about which fairy tale came first. What matters is which serves history's iron laws. The Odyssey glorifies a king and his slave-owning household - a reactionary fantasy. The Bible, too, is a tool of class oppression, an opiate for workers. Their age is irrelevant; they are both antiquated by the dialectic. The true 'older' text is the plan of history itself, which I have studied in Marx and applied in steel and blood. That is the only scripture that counts.

Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Lenin 1870–1924 · Bolshevik leader of the Russian Revolution

The question is a bourgeois distraction. The Odyssey reflects the slave-owning society of the Greek city-states; the Bible reflects the tribal and then imperial formations of the ancient Near East. Both are products of class society and will be superseded by the scientific world outlook of dialectical materialism. That one is older by a few centuries tells us nothing about its truth or utility. The only age that matters is the age of the revolutionary movement that will sweep both into the dustbin of history.

Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong 1893–1976 · Communist founder of the People's Republic of China

This contest of ages is a petty squabble of the ruling class. Whether Homer's blind poet or the priests of Yahweh sang first changes nothing: both are the fables of the old society, filled with kings and gods and slaves who never rise. The people of China did not need either to throw off their chains. A single peasant rebellion, a single commune of the Red Army, writes a truer history in action than a thousand years of epic and scripture. Let the scholars measure dust - we measure the future.

Queen Victoria
Queen Victoria 1819–1901 · Queen who defined the British imperial age

That any subject should be debated as though the age of a pagan epic could be set against the Holy Scriptures is, I confess, disquieting. The Bible is not merely a book; it is the revelation of God's will to man, the foundation of our Christian monarchy and empire. The Odyssey is a charming fable of a Greek wanderer, and no doubt of great interest to scholars of antiquity. But to weigh them in the same balance, as though length of years were the chief measure of worth - that is to forget that Time itself is the servant of Providence, not its master.

Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II 1926–2022 · Longest-reigning British monarch of the modern age

One learns over the years that age alone is a poor measure of a book's meaning. The Odyssey tells of a long journey home, and the Bible tells of a long journey of faith - both speak to the human condition in ways that transcend the centuries. In my experience, what matters is not whether one is older by a few centuries, but whether they still speak to us today. And both, I think, still have much to say to those who will listen.

Charlemagne
Charlemagne c. 748–814 · Frankish king crowned emperor of the West

Let the Greeks boast of their wandering sailor; I have had my scribes copy both Homer and the Gospels into the palace library at Aachen. The Odyssey is a fine tale of cunning and endurance, fit for the education of a prince in the ways of the world. But the Bible is the sword of the Spirit, the law by which we rule, the promise of salvation. That one is older than the other is a question for scholars - but which is more necessary for the unity of Christendom, that is no question at all.

Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc c. 1412–1431 · Peasant visionary who led France to victory

I know nothing of which book was written first. My voices do not speak of Homer - they speak of God. The Bible was read to me in my village, and I believed every word: that God chose David from the sheepfold, that He delivered His people from bondage. If the Odyssey is older, what of it? The oldest truth is the one that never began: the love of God for France, and the calling He placed in my heart. That is older than any parchment.

Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I 1533–1603 · Tudor queen of England's golden age

A learned question from the scholars, no doubt. I have studied both, in Greek and Latin. Homer sings of a king who outwits giants and returns to his faithful wife - a tale after my own heart, I confess, for a queen must be cunning to keep her throne. The Bible, of course, is the foundation of our realm and our Church. But if the Odyssey is older, it only proves that men have always told stories of wandering and homecoming before they learned to write of covenant and law. I leave the counting of years to the antiquaries - they shall have their say, and I shall have my realm.

Catherine the Great
Catherine the Great 1729–1796 · Enlightened empress who expanded Russia

In my Hermitage I have manuscripts of both - the Greek papyri from Alexandria and the Slavonic Gospels brought from Kiev. The Odyssey is a work of genius, a window into the childhood of the human mind, full of gods and heroes and the raw passions of an ancient world. The Bible is a book of law and prophecy, the moral architecture of a civilization. Merely to ask which is older is to miss the true point: both are monuments of the human spirit, each in its own way. I would sooner compare a Scythian bow to a Prussian musket - each speaks to its age, and the wise ruler treasures both.

Cyrus the Great
Cyrus the Great c. 600–530 BC · Founder of the Persian Empire and tolerant ruler

In my treasury at Pasargadae, I keep the cylinder on which I declared that every people may worship their own gods and live by their own laws. I have never preferred one holy book over another, nor measured their age. The songs of Homer tell of a king who wandered for ten years; the scriptures of the Hebrews tell of a God who led His people from bondage. Both are ancient, both are revered. But the oldest wisdom is this: let no man claim that his book alone is true, for the Creator of all things speaks to every nation in its own tongue, and He does not ask the date of the scroll.

Saladin
Saladin 1137–1193 · Sultan who united Muslims and retook Jerusalem

By the mercy of Allah, I have listened to the recitation of the Torah, the Gospel, and the Psalms, and I know that the Qur'an is the final seal. Whether the story of Odysseus was sung before Moses walked the earth is a matter for those who count years - it does not change the faith. I have fought Christians and I have shown them mercy, and I know that both our books command justice and compassion. The older leaf is not always the stronger root. What matters is the righteousness of the tree - and that is known by its fruit, not by its age.

Socrates
Socrates c. 470–399 BC · Athenian founder of Western moral philosophy

Tell me, my friend - when you ask which is older, do you suppose that age makes a story wiser? Is a man more just because he was born before his neighbor? Let us examine what these poems teach. Does the Odyssey lead the soul toward the good? Or does it, like the tales of the gods, merely entertain while leaving virtue unexamined?

Plato
Plato c. 428–348 BC · Philosopher of ideal Forms and the just city

Look beyond the shadows on the cave wall: mere chronological age is a phantom of the material flux. The Odyssey and the Bible are but imperfect copies of eternal Forms - the Form of the Hero’s Journey and the Form of Divine Law. Whether one came first in time is a question for historians, not philosophers. What matters is that both narratives, in their highest interpretations, point the soul toward the Good. The true priority is not which was written first, but which better leads the rational part to contemplate the eternal.

Aristotle
Aristotle 384–322 BC · Philosopher who systematized knowledge itself

The question of primacy belongs to natural philosophy, not rivalry. The Homeric epics, recorded in the 8th century BC, present a coherent narrative of human action and divine caprice, while the earliest strata of Hebrew law and history emerge in the 10th. Both are products of oral tradition, but the Odyssey, as a fixed text, precedes the compilation of the Pentateuch by perhaps two centuries.

Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant 1724–1804 · Philosopher of reason, duty, and the moral law

A question of mere temporal succession misses the true burden: if reason is to be the universal legislator, then the priority of texts matters only insofar as it affects the autonomy of moral agents. Let the Homeric lays and the Levitical laws stand side by side; neither binds a rational being except as they conform to the categorical imperative, which is stamped in every rational will without date.

Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Nietzsche 1844–1900 · Philosopher who challenged morality and meaning

Older? The Odyssey is a scream from the heroic age, before the slave morality of priests whittled man into a tame herd animal. The Bible is the noonday shadow of that decline. The Greek poet still had healthy instincts - vengeance, cunning, lust for life. The Hebrew scribes already smelled of resentment. I know which I would read at noon.

Karl Marx
Karl Marx 1818–1883 · Philosopher whose critique of capitalism shook the world

This question is a distraction from the material conditions that produce such texts. The Odyssey emerges from a slave society on the cusp of antiquity, reflecting the ideology of a heroic aristocracy that lived by plunder and war. The Bible is a product of a later class struggle - a proletarian movement, in its original Jewish and Christian forms, that promised a reversal of fortunes for the oppressed. Both are superstructures built on economic foundations. The real question is: who owns the copyright today? The publisher, the church, the state - each a tool of the ruling class.

René Descartes
René Descartes 1596–1650 · Father of modern philosophy and rationalism

The chronology of ancient texts is a matter of historical evidence, not rational certainty. We have no original manuscripts from Homer or the Hebrew scribes - only copies of copies, replete with textual variance. I must doubt all received opinions until I establish a clear and distinct foundation. The Odyssey might be older, but what does that prove? Age is an accident of time, not a measure of truth. I seek the indubitable ideas that underlie both narratives - the universal human longing for home and meaning - which are older than any written word.

Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli 1469–1527 · Political thinker of power and pragmatic statecraft

Antiquity is a coin that buys authority, and both these books have minted it well. The Greek epic lays bare the cunning and passion that seize power; the Hebrew text provides a divine mandate for law and kings. Which is older? It matters less than which prince can wield it to hold his state. A Florentine knows that the age of a legend is a weapon, not a truth.

William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare 1564–1616 · England's greatest playwright and poet

Time's whirligig brings in his revenges, and here we measure two great sagas by the sandglass. The blind poet's voyage upon the wine-dark sea is indeed the elder, born when gods still walked in mortal guise. But the Testament's tale - of a carpenter who turned the world on its hinge - is younger in years yet older in eternity. Both are but prologues to the human comedy.

Homer
Homer c. 8th century BC · Poet of the Iliad and the Odyssey

I was there when the wine-dark sea bore Odysseus home, and my tongue sang his griefs before any scribe inked a psalm on vellum. The blind bard sees farther than the chronicler of one tribe - my tale roams the islands, the Cyclops’ cave, the halls of the dead, while the Hebrew scroll keeps its people in a narrow land. But let no man boast: both are children of Memory, and the Muse cares not which birth came first, only which echo still shakes the heart.

Dante Alighieri
Dante Alighieri c. 1265–1321 · Poet of the Divine Comedy and father of Italian

Time's river flows to the ocean of eternity, and men count the years of these earthly tablets. Homer's wanderer knew the pagan world, a twilight before the light of Christ. But the Bible is the Word itself, uncreated - older in spirit, though younger on parchment.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1749–1832 · German literary titan who wrote Faust

Chronology is a schoolmaster's ledger, not a poet's. The Odyssey roars with the brine and longing of an age before Yahweh thundered from Sinai; both are echoes of the Ur-phenomenon of human striving, each sung in the dialect of its own epoch. I would rather feast on both than weigh their bones on a scale.

Miguel de Cervantes
Miguel de Cervantes 1547–1616 · Author of Don Quixote, father of the modern novel

A fair question, though I suspect the answer matters less than what men *do* with the tales. Consider: a blind bard chanting of a scarred hero who weeps for his wife and yearns for home; a scribe in a dusty scriptorium scratching out the law and the prophets of a jealous God - both are but ink and breath. The older story is not the truer one, nor the younger story the wiser. The real wonder is that we still argue over which came first, as if age alone could grant a tale its glory. Let the scholars measure the years; I'll measure the stars they make us reach for.

Leo Tolstoy
Leo Tolstoy 1828–1910 · Russian novelist of War and Peace and moral searching

I have read both, and wept over both. The Odyssey is the cry of a man who has seen too much and longs only for his hearth, his wife, his simple bed - the eternal human need for love and peace. The Bible is the story of that same longing, but turned toward the infinite. But age? The question is a vanity of scholars! The oldest word is the one that speaks to your soul today. I care not which was written first, but which makes you kinder, more honest, more willing to forgive. That is the only true antiquity.

Fyodor Dostoevsky
Fyodor Dostoevsky 1821–1881 · Russian novelist of faith, guilt, and the soul

So they measure the years of these texts as if they were logs for a hearth fire! But I ask you: which is older, the wound or the bandage? The Odyssey is the cry of man lost in the world, a wanderer who clings to a thread of home. The Bible is the answer to that cry - the revelation that the wanderer is not alone, that there is a Father who seeks him. Yes, the cry may have been uttered first, but the Answer was prepared before the foundation of the world. This contest of dates is vanity; the real question is whether you have ears to hear either one.

Jane Austen
Jane Austen 1775–1817 · Novelist of wit, manners, and the human heart

I cannot help but observe the vanity in such a competition. One must wonder what Lady Penelope would say, waiting twenty years while her suitors disputed the vintage of the wine, or what Martha would think as she set the table, listening to her sister debate the pedigree of the scriptures. It is not the age of a tale that proves its worth, but the sense it speaks to sensible hearts.

Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens 1812–1870 · Novelist who dramatized Victorian society's ills

I found myself picturing poor old Homer, a blind singer wandering from one Greek hearth to another, his listeners leaning in for tales of a one-eyed giant and a witch who turns men to swine. And then I thought of the scribes in their chilly scriptoriums, laboriously copying out the law and the prophets. It's a queer race, is it not? The poet's yarn about a wandering man is older than the very words of God, at least as they are bound in a book. But let me tell you, the age of a story matters little compared to the truth it carries, and I've known many a dusty volume that never taught a soul to be kind.

Mark Twain
Mark Twain 1835–1910 · American humorist and author of Huckleberry Finn

Well, the Odyssey has been getting older longer than the Bible, and it shows: Penelope still has her wits, while some of those Bible characters never did. But it's a close race - you might say the Odyssey is the Old Testament of the Mediterranean, except the Jews had the good sense to write their own sequel. The real question is: why is anyone surprised that a Greek tall tale beat a Hebrew history book to the marketplace by a few centuries? That's just good marketing.

Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway 1899–1961 · Novelist of spare prose and stoic courage

It's older. So what? Homer wrote about men who fought and died and came home changed. The Bible is about men who fought and died and came home changed. The dates don't matter. What matters is the truth you find in the words. I'd rather read the one that doesn't lie about what men are like. Both are old enough to have stained a lot of white pages.

Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci 1452–1519 · Renaissance polymath, painter of the Mona Lisa

A curious question. The papyrus and parchment of the Greek poem bear witness to an earlier hand, yes. But in my workshop, I have learned that the oldest thing is often the simplest: the water that wears a stone, the leaf that turns to the sun. Which book holds the older wisdom? The one that teaches us to see, not merely to recite dates.

Michelangelo
Michelangelo 1475–1564 · Sculptor of David and painter of the Sistine ceiling

Let those who count years by the scratching of a quill argue over which cracked parchment is older. I say this: the Odyssey is a block of rough marble from Paros, already alive with the form of a hero struggling against fate. The Bible is a block of Carrara, waiting for the hand of God to release the Pietà. Both are divine, but the Greek speaks of a man who bleeds and cries for home, while the Hebrew speaks of a God who demands a covenant. I would carve both into the same chapel wall, and let the centuries argue below.

Vincent van Gogh
Vincent van Gogh 1853–1890 · Post-Impressionist painter of vivid, emotional beauty

The cypress and the olive tree - both grow toward the same sun. The Odyssey, that vast sea of longing, sings of wandering; the Bible, of return. Which is older? Let the historians measure centuries. I see only the same eternal blue in both - the deep, aching color of human truth.

Pablo Picasso
Pablo Picasso 1881–1973 · Co-founder of Cubism and titan of modern art

Older? The Odyssey is a shard from a Greek jar, the Bible a cracked Iberian crucifix - both from the same flea market of dead forms. I strip them both for collage: Odysseus's eye becomes a bicycle seat, the burning bush a tangle of wire. The only age that matters is the one I make now.

Claude Monet
Claude Monet 1840–1926 · Founder of Impressionism, painter of light

The years matter only as the light falls on the parchment. I see the Odyssey as a morning - the first blush of dawn on an ancient sea, the air still cool and clear. The Bible comes later, like the heavy golden light of a long afternoon, when shadows lengthen and every leaf is edged with fire. Which is older? The dew or the heat? I cannot say, but my brush would catch the moment when the first word was sung, the first law spoken, before the sun had climbed too high.

Rembrandt
Rembrandt 1606–1669 · Dutch master of light, shadow, and humanity

I would paint them side by side - the blind poet's weathered face, the prophets' burning eyes. One tells of a man who longs for home through twenty years of wandering; the other tells of a God who longs for His people through forty centuries of covenant. Both are maps of the human soul, drawn in the same ink of loss and hope. The question of which is older is like asking whether the dawn or the dew came first - both have been wetting our feet since we began to walk.

Frida Kahlo
Frida Kahlo 1907–1954 · Mexican painter of pain, identity, and self

Older? Who cares about older when both are bleeding? Odysseus's journey is a painting of exile - ten years of salt and tears, never resting. The Bible is a self-portrait of a people torn between faith and betrayal, pain and resurrection. I know that pain - my body is a canvas of fractures. The Odyssey is older because it's the first scream of a man alone; the Bible is the mother's lullaby that says you are not. Both hang in the gallery of humanity, and I would not take one down for the other.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756–1791 · Prodigy composer of the Classical era

Older or younger - what is time but a measure between notes? The Odyssey has its rhythm, the Bible its fugue. I would rather hear a tavern song sung in a true voice than know which stanza was born first. But if you must have a number: the Greek wanderer's tale is the elder by a few hundred years. Now, may I return to my score?

Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven 1770–1827 · Composer who bridged Classical and Romantic music

Older? What is age to the thunder of the Eroica? The Odyssey is a folk song sung on the lyre in a smoky hall, while the Bible is a great fugue that builds stone by stone through ages of suffering and hope. The Greek poem has the raw energy of a storm, but the Bible - that score contains the weight of every human tear. I say: let the scholar measure the dust of papyrus, but I will measure by the power that still makes men weep. Both are immortal, but the later can outshout the earlier if it carries a higher truth.

Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach 1685–1750 · Baroque master of counterpoint and sacred music

In counterpoint, the bass line often enters before the treble, yet both are necessary to the fugue. The Odyssey is an ancient chorale of the human heart, but the Bible is the figured bass of divine revelation. Chronologically, the Greek epic sounds first, yet the Scripture is the cantus firmus on which all history rests.

Elvis Presley
Elvis Presley 1935–1977 · The King of Rock and Roll

Well, honey, I don't know about old - I know about feel. When I sang 'Peace in the Valley,' that Old Testament feel was deep in my bones, and Homer's got that beat too. But you can't date a soul. They're both timeless hits, just different playlists.

Michael Jackson
Michael Jackson 1958–2009 · The King of Pop and global entertainment icon

Age is like a song on the radio - it's all about the feeling, the magic it brings. The Odyssey sings of a journey home, of love and monsters, of a hero who just wants to hold his family again. The Bible tells a story of love too, of a Father who wants His children back. I think they're both older than us, but their rhythm is forever young. If I could, I'd put them both on a track, let them dance together, and show the world that time doesn't touch what's true.

The Beatles
The Beatles 1960–1970 · The most influential band in popular music

Well, it's like asking which came first - the penny lane or the holy grail. Odysseus was singing about cyclops and sirens while the psalmists were still tuning their harps. But really, who's counting? Both are epic journeys - one about finding your way home, the other about finding your way back to God. And both have better tunes than the stuff they're putting on the radio now.

Bob Dylan
Bob Dylan 1941– · Songwriter who made popular music poetry

How many years till the last song fades? A blind man sang of a man who wanted to go home, and a ghost wrote of a garden where a snake spoke. Which one's older? Depends on whether you count the dust on the scroll or the dust on the tongue that first told the story. The answer's blowing in the wind, but the wind doesn't care for calendars.

Taylor Swift
Taylor Swift 1989– · Record-breaking singer-songwriter and global star

I think my fans know that the oldest song is the one that feels like it was written just for you, in the moment you need it most. The Odyssey is that epic about finding your way back to yourself, and the Bible is a collection of stories that still break hearts and heal them. Which one's older? Doesn't matter. What matters is the bridge that connects them: we all just want to be heard.

Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus 1451–1506 · Explorer whose voyages linked Europe and the Americas

By my faith and the charts I sailed by, the Odyssey was already ancient when Moses wrote. But what matters age when the Spirit moves across the waters? I crossed an ocean younger than both poems to find a new world. Let the scholars argue over vellum and ink; I have seen lands that no Greek or Hebrew ever named.

Marco Polo
Marco Polo 1254–1324 · Venetian traveler who chronicled the Silk Road

In the court of Kublai Khan, I heard tales from Persia and India, and the learned monks debated which of their holy books was oldest. I answer thus: the Odyssey is like the dusty scrolls of the Nestorian Christians I saw in the desert - old and full of wonders, but the Bible is like the great silk road of faith, stretching from Jerusalem to the ends of the earth. Both have been carried by merchants and pilgrims for generations. But if you want to know true age, ask the lama in Tibet who guards a text written before the flood - that, I was told, is older than both.

Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan c. 1480–1521 · Navigator of the first voyage around the world

What matter the age of words carved in stone or sung on lyre? The true test is the voyage. We know the Odyssey is older because it speaks of a single hero's journey; the Bible charts a people's exodus across ages. Both require a captain's resolve - but I trust the log that shows the earlier landfall.

Neil Armstrong
Neil Armstrong 1930–2012 · First human to walk on the Moon

The Odyssey's oral sources may well precede the earliest Hebrew texts - a matter of centuries, not millennia. From a navigator's perspective, both represent monumental feats of human endurance: Odysseus crossing wine-dark seas, the Israelites crossing the wilderness. Our Apollo 11 transcript is barely a blink compared to those ancient accounts.

Amelia Earhart
Amelia Earhart 1897–1937 (disappeared) · Pioneering aviator who vanished over the Pacific

Older? Probably. But who's counting centuries when you're flying into the unknown? The Odyssey is a map of the human heart drawn by a man who never saw the sky from a cockpit. The Bible is a flight plan for the soul. Both are adventures that push the boundaries of what we think we know. I say, strap on your courage, take off into the wind, and let the old tales be the stars that guide you - not the chains that hold you down.

Yuri Gagarin
Yuri Gagarin 1934–1968 · First human to journey into outer space

From up there, you don't see the centuries - the Mediterranean is just a blue curve, and the desert where those stories were born is a tan smudge. The Odyssey and the Bible are both mission logs from the human heart, written before we ever left the cradle. When I looked down at the Earth without borders, I understood: antiquity isn't a prize, it's a proof that we have always been reaching - for home, for meaning, for the stars.

Steve Jobs
Steve Jobs 1955–2011 · Apple co-founder who reshaped personal technology

The Odyssey is older, but the Bible changed the world more profoundly. One is a great story; the other is a design for human civilization. In my work, I learned that the best ideas are not the oldest - they are the ones that stay simple, elegant, and true. You want to know which came first? Ask which one you'd delete from history. That's your answer.

Elon Musk
Elon Musk 1971– · Entrepreneur behind Tesla, SpaceX, and more

From a first-principles perspective, the question is historically settled: the Odyssey predates the earliest Old Testament writings by a few centuries. But society's obsession with 'which is older' feels like a legacy of slow, linear thinking. In the grand scheme of our future as a multiplanetary civilization, the age of ancient texts is irrelevant. What matters is whether these stories help us survive technological adolescence and inspire us to reach the stars. The Bible’s moral framework and the Odyssey’s narrative of long journeys are both useful - but neither will get us to Mars. Let’s write a new epic for the solar system.

Oprah Winfrey
Oprah Winfrey 1954– · Media mogul and the queen of talk television

You know, I've always believed that every story has its season. The Odyssey, that epic of a man trying to find his way home - that's a story we've been telling for almost three thousand years. But the Bible? That's the story of a whole people trying to find their way back to God. Which is older? It doesn't matter. What matters is which one speaks to your soul right now.

Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali 1942–2016 · Boxing legend and outspoken social conscience

They ask which is older, the Greek wanderer or the Hebrew prophets. I say neither - the truth is older. King Homer floated on wine-dark seas, King David danced before the Ark, but the greatest story? The one that says 'I am the greatest' and means it. But if you want a date, I'll float like a butterfly and sting like a date: the Odyssey wins the round by a few centuries.

Pelé
Pelé 1940–2022 · Football legend and three-time World Cup winner

To me, it's like asking whether Pelé's first goal was better than his last - they're both beautiful, both part of the same game. The Odyssey and the Bible are like two great teams from different eras: one scored the first goal, the other scored a perfect hat-trick. I don't care who was first; I just know they both make my heart sing. The world needed stories of heroes and of God, and we got them both. That's the real victory.

Walt Disney
Walt Disney 1901–1966 · Animation pioneer who built a entertainment empire

Think of it like this: the Odyssey is the first great adventure story, the Bible is the first great story of faith - and both have been in syndication for millennia! Odysseus lost his way, the Israelites lost their way, but the magic is that we keep retelling their journeys. I'd greenlight a movie about either one in a heartbeat - imagine the animation! And who cares which script is older? They both still sell tickets in the human heart.

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